Whitbread PLC History

Company Perspectives:

Our business is focused on growth sectors of the UK leisure market--lodging, eating out and active leisure. Our priorities, on behalf of our shareholders, are to grow our business and to achieve annual improvements in the return on their capital. We are doing this by: Growing the profitability, scale and market share of our leading brands; Seeking new brands that have the potential to reach significant scale; Managing our business so that shareholder value is added by each of our activities; Ensuring that each of our brands is a leader in its field for customer service; Becoming the employer of choice in the UK leisure industry; Working to meet our responsibilities to the wider stakeholders in our business, including commercial partners and the communities in which our brands operate.

Key Dates:

1742:

After working as an apprentice, Samuel Whitbread establishes his own brewery in London.

1750:

Whitbread opens a second brewery on Chiswell Street.

1760:

The annual output of the company's stout and porter has reached 64,000 barrels.

1834:

Ale is added to the product line.

1868:

Production of bottled beer begins.

1889:

The company goes public.

1955:

Whitbread begins expanding through the acquisition of smaller brewers, eventually by 1971 taking over 26 regional breweries.

1968:

The company gains the right to brew Heineken lager under license.

1974:

The first Beefeater restaurant opens.

1982:

Whitbread enters a joint venture with PepsiCo, Inc. to open Pizza Hut restaurants in the United Kingdom.

1985:

The company signs a franchise agreement to develop U.K.-based outlets of the T.G.I. Friday's casual dining chain.

1987:

The Travel Inn budget hotel chain is launched.

1989:

Boddingtons brewery is acquired; a decision to focus principally on hotels and restaurants, while retaining brewery operations, leads to the sale of the wine and spirits division to Allied-Lyons.

1990:

The Monopolies and Mergers Commission issues an order related to its investigation of the U.K. system of tied houses, leading Whitbread to sell 1,300 of its pubs and lease another 1,000 by 1992.

1995:

Whitbread purchases 16 Marriott hotels and signs an agreement with Marriott International to develop the brand in the United Kingdom; the company acquires the David Lloyd Leisure chain of sports and fitness clubs; the Costa Coffee chain of coffee shops is acquired.

1999:

Whitbread's bid to acquire the U.K. retailing operations of Allied Domecq--including 3,500 pubs--fails.

2000:

Swallow Group, operator of 36 upscale hotels, is acquired; Whitbread Beer Company is sold to Interbrew S.A.

2001:

The company's pub operations are sold to Morgan Grenfell Private Equity.

Company History:

Whitbread PLC is one of the leading players in the U.K. leisure industry, concentrating in the early 21st century on restaurants and coffee shops, hotels, and health and fitness clubs. Whitbread's roots, however, were in brewing. Founded as a single brewery, the company grew to become one of the most prestigious of London's older breweries, with its history closely paralleling that of the Whitbread family, which retained continuous control of the company from 1742 to 1992. Whitbread began to diversify in the early 1960s. Its long involvement in the pub industry led to a deeper delving into the restaurant sector, with a key development being the 1974 launch of the Beefeater casual dining chain. The company later began opening outlets of two U.S.-based chains--Pizza Hut and T.G.I. Friday's--in the United Kingdom and acquired the Costa Coffee chain in 1995. During this same period, Whitbread developed into the number two hotelier in the United Kingdom by creating the Travel Inn chain in 1987 and gaining the U.K. rights to the Marriott brand in 1995. The company entered the health and fitness sector in 1995 through the purchase of the David Lloyd Leisure brand. In the early 21st century, Whitbread has shifted its focus to these newer areas of operations, breaking with its history by selling off first its brewery operations in 2000 and then its pubs in 2001.

Samuel Whitbread Established Brewery in 1742

Samuel Whitbread, at the age of 14, was sent to London by his mother in 1734 to become an apprentice to a brewer. Whitbread, raised as a Puritan, proved to be an extremely hard worker. In 1742, eight years after coming to London, he established his own brewery with a £2,000 inheritance and additional underwriting from John Howard, the renowned prison reformer. As the brewery became successful, Howard's investment became more lucrative--it even led to a reciprocation of financial support by Whitbread for Howard's reform movement.

By 1750 Whitbread had acquired an additional brewery located on Chiswell Street. At this time there were more than 50 breweries in London, but, despite intense competition, the Whitbread brewery expanded rapidly. By 1760 its annual output had reached 64,000 barrels, second only to Calvert and Company.

Whitbread was enthusiastic about new brewing methods. He employed several well-known engineers who helped to improve the quality and increase the production volume of the company's stout and porter (a sweeter, weaker stout).

The Whitbread family had a long history of involvement in English politics. Samuel Whitbread's forefathers fought with Oliver Cromwell's Roundheads during the English Civil War and later developed a connection with the Bedfordshire preacher and author John Bunyan. Samuel Whitbread himself was elected to Parliament in 1768 as a representative of Bedford. His son, Samuel II, succeeded him in Parliament in 1790, and Whitbread descendants served in Parliament almost continuously until 1910.

Samuel Whitbread died in 1796. Samuel II assumed control of the brewery, but was so preoccupied with Parliament that by 1799 he was compelled to take on a partner. The partnership, however, was short-lived. The brewery entered into seven more partnerships over the next 70 years, only two of which were successful. Most notably, Whitbread's 1812 partnership with the Martineau and Bland brewery resulted in a full merger of the two companies' brewing operations. The Martineau and Bland facility at Lambeth, however, was later closed down and its equipment was moved to Chiswell Street.

During the early 19th century the bulk of Whitbread's business was conducted with "free houses," public houses--or pubs--neither owned by, nor bound to sell only the products of one brewer. These pubs numbered several hundred, and their business remained fairly stable. But when the Drury Lane Theatre burned down in 1809, Samuel II saw an opportunity to profit from its renovation. He led a committee to restore the theater, invested heavily in the project, and persuaded several friends to join him. The venture yielded only a small dividend when the theater was reopened, and cost Whitbread the friendship of many of his fellow investors. In Parliament, Whitbread opposed the resumption of war with Napoleon, a position that made him even more unpopular. In July 1815, shortly after the battle of Waterloo, Samuel Whitbread II committed suicide.

Whitbread's sons, William Henry and Samuel Charles, inherited their father's interest in the brewery. Whitbread family control, however, had been greatly diminished by the company's nine partners. It was not until 1819 that the Whitbread brothers were able to reestablish direct family control over the operation. The number of partners was reduced, and the brewery remained under Whitbread control for many years.

In 1834 Whitbread introduced ale to its product line. The ale gained immediate popularity and resulted in a substantial increase in turnover for the brewery. Whitbread expanded even more dramatically after 1869, when the family established its last partnership. One year earlier, the company had begun producing bottled beer.

Going Public in 1889

During the 1880s, a sudden and significant decline in demand for beer caused many "free houses" to sell their leases to breweries (and thereby become "tied houses"). Breweries such as Whitbread, which had established numerous tied houses, were forced to extend loans to public house operators so that they could remain in business. The capital required to purchase free house leases and to extend loans could be satisfied only by the public through share flotations. Therefore, when Whitbread's partnership agreement expired in 1889, the partners decided to transform the brewery into a public company.

An attempt by brewers to raise the profitability of tied houses by reducing beer prices backfired; their tenants competed on price and went even further into debt. A recession in 1900 forced Whitbread to write down the value of its tied house properties--a move that may have saved the company. Demand for beer recovered steadily and permitted Whitbread to increase its production every year from 1899 to 1912. Accordingly, the value of tied houses recovered as they became profitable. Just prior to World War I, however, the government raised its license duty on tied houses, rendering many of them financial liabilities. Whitbread stopped buying tied houses, and instead concentrated on expanding its bottled beer trade.

Although Whitbread weathered this difficult period virtually intact, many competitors were forced to close. Whitbread's ability to survive was attributed to three factors: the maintenance of a harmonious relationship between the brewer and the publican (public house operator), sustaining a good public image of the brand, and keeping influence in government.

Francis Pelham Whitbread, the director of the brewery at the time, devoted his energies to maintaining a stable atmosphere for profitable brewing; as chairman of the Brewers Society, he promoted better brewer-vendor relations. Later, as chairman and treasurer of the politically active National Trade Defence Association, he lobbied against the temperance movement in Parliament. After World War I he played a major role in the formation of policies within the brewing industry and was particularly opposed to the proliferation of tied houses.

During the interwar period Whitbread took over the Jude Hanbury brewery. As its situation with vendors remained unsettled, Whitbread concentrated further on the expansion of bottled beer sales. Whitbread beer had become available throughout the world. Francis Whitbread, however, became increasingly divorced from the everyday operation of the brewery; his position as a spokesman for the industry and his dedication to philanthropic activities occupied most of his time.

On December 29, 1940, German incendiary bombs landed in five separate areas of the brewery. Each of the fires was put out by the company fire brigade, with the exception of a malt fire, which, like burning coal dust, is very difficult to extinguish. It was finally doused a week later. Damage to the brewery and the surrounding area was great. Nevertheless, Whitbread resumed brewing almost immediately.

Francis Pelham Whitbread died in 1941. His leadership of the brewery was highly conservative--especially when compared with the policies of his successors. Francis was in many ways a popular figurehead for the company. Much of the actual burden of management fell on the shoulders of Samuel Howard Whitbread, who served with the company from 1915 until his death in 1944. William Henry Whitbread assumed leadership of the company that year but was forced to postpone his plans for the rehabilitation of the brewery until after the war.

Wave of Amalgamations in the Postwar Era

Although the war ended less than a year later, the British economy continued to suffer from aftereffects for many years. Conditions were so grave that Whitbread was unable to begin its modernization until 1950. At that time Whitbread undertook a sweeping rationalization program, which included the concentration of human resources and retooling of machinery.

Other smaller breweries were in less stable condition, and many were threatened with bankruptcy. Whitbread, however, offered an amalgamation scheme to these breweries. Under this formula, called the "Whitbread Umbrella," failing breweries agreed to coordinate their operations and distribution networks with Whitbread. Many of these arrangements resulted in Whitbread's eventual acquisition of the smaller brewers. In the period from 1955 to 1971 Whitbread took over 26 breweries and expanded its number of tied houses from less than 100 to 10,000.

Some of the breweries acquired by Whitbread were large well-established companies. Beginning with the Dutton brewery in 1964, Whitbread took over Rhymney in 1966, Threlfall and Fremlin in 1967, Strong in 1968, and Brickwood in 1971. These additions to Whitbread also gave the company greater geographical coverage--Threlfall's was located in the northwest port of Liverpool, and Brickwood's was in Portsmouth, on the south coast.

Streamlining and Beginnings of Diversification in the 1970s

The 1970s were characterized as a period of streamlining for Whitbread and also saw the beginning of a move toward diversification. The company disposed of many of its marginally profitable or outdated operations--even the Chiswell Street brewery was closed in 1976. Still, Whitbread suffered from the aftereffects of a serious economic recession during the mid-1970s, and the company came close to bankruptcy. A gradual economic recovery led to improvements in the market that greatly strengthened Whitbread's financial position.

Meanwhile, however, as popular demand shifted from ale to lager, total beer consumption began to fall. Whitbread started to deemphasize certain brewing assets and began to diversify outside brewing. The company had already gained a chain of wine retail outlets when it acquired Thresher in 1962. Along the way, Whitbread built up a wines and spirits division that included Beefeater Gin, Long John Scotch Whiskey, and Cutty Sark Scotch Whiskey. Food was added in 1974 with the opening of the first Beefeater Restaurant & Pub, which was in the casual dining sector, and with the 1979 debut of Brewers Fayre, a chain of pub food outlets.

Notwithstanding these nonbeer ventures, Whitbread did not abandon the brewing industry but in fact became more active in licensing non-U.K. brewer's brands. In 1968 the company gained the right to brew Heineken lager under a license agreement and in 1976 the Stella Artois brand began to be brewed by Whitbread under a similar agreement. The Belgian beer soon became the best-selling premium lager in the United Kingdom.

Further Diversification in the 1980s

Whitbread continued to diversify in the 1980s under the guidance of new leadership. William Henry Whitbread had given up day-to-day control of the company during the 1970s, whereupon Samuel Whitbread (a fifth-generation descendant of the company's founder) became chief executive and, eventually, chairman in 1984. He initially sought to bolster his company's restaurant holdings. In 1982 a 50-50 joint venture with PepsiCo Inc. began, which went on to build a significant chain of Pizza Hut restaurants in the United Kingdom. T.G.I. Friday's joined the company's restaurant fold three years later, when Whitbread signed a franchise agreement to develop U.K.-based outlets of this chain, also in the casual dining sector. By the 1995-96 fiscal year, beer operations accounted for only 43 percent of profits, with wine and spirits accounting for 20 percent and retail operations 37 percent.

Next, Whitbread entered the hotel industry. The year 1987 marked the debut of the Travel Inn chain, budget hotels that were usually located next to another Whitbread property such as a Brewers Fayre, Beefeater, or T.G.I. Friday's. Whitbread's diversification program gained further momentum in 1989 when management announced that the company would focus on the leisure retailing industries in general, with a particular emphasis on areas, such as travel and eating out, that were projected to grow rapidly through the end of the century. Brewing was still to be included in the mix but would continue to account for smaller percentages of company profits, notwithstanding the 1989 acquisition of Boddingtons brewery. Another sector to be retained was the Thresher unit, which specialized in retail outlets for alcoholic beverages; Thresher was subsequently bolstered with the opening of the first Wine Rack in 1989 and the 1991 acquisition of Bottoms Up, a chain of wine superstores. On the divestment side was the company's wine and spirits division, which included a distiller of such brands as Beefeater Gin and a U.S.-based importer and distributor of wines and spirits. The division was sold late in 1989 to Allied-Lyons PLC for £545 million ($880.2 million).

Compliance with MMC Orders Dominating the Early 1990s

The year 1989 was also important because it was the year that Whitbread began to plan for its compliance with new rules on tied houses set down by the British government's Monopolies and Mergers Commission (MMC). After an investigation into the system of tied houses that had been created from the numerous mergers in the brewing industry in the 1960s and 1970s, in early 1990 the MMC ordered brewers with more than 2,000 pubs to sell or lease half of the number greater than 2,000, meaning that Whitbread would have to do so with about 2,300 pubs. The MMC gave brewers a November 1, 1992, deadline to comply. Meanwhile, Peter Jarvis, who had joined Whitbread from Unilever in 1976, took over as chief executive in 1990. Later, in August 1992, Michael Angus, chairman of The Boots Company PLC and former chairman of Unilever, became chairman of Whitbread as well, taking over from Samuel Whitbread, who remained on the board as a nonexecutive director. This management team--noticeably minus a Whitbread for the first time in the company's 250-year history--led the company through the MMC compliance process.

Following the issue of the MMC orders, Whitbread first pulled its pubs out of its brewery division. It then sold about 1,300 of them by the deadline, and leased the remaining 1,000 on a short-term basis. At the time the United Kingdom had too many pubs, and property values had fallen sharply since the boom years of the early 1980s. Consequently, Whitbread's profits took a large hit from the forced sales and squeezed its plans to expand its retail activities. A plan for Whitbread to take the Pizza Hut chain into continental Europe fell apart when the company could not afford to commit the initial £100 million needed.

A further consequence of the MMC orders was that Whitbread had to untangle itself from its complicated system of cross-holdings in regional brewers--held through Whitbread Investment Company--that it had developed during its acquisition spree. In November 1993 Whitbread acquired Whitbread Investment Company, then in March 1994 sold nearly all its regional brewery stakes, raising about £300 million in the process.

Renewed Spending Spree in the Mid-1990s

Whitbread thus emerged from the MMC orders with some cash to spend on its retailing sectors. A new wave of activity began in 1994 with the acquisition of the Maredo steak restaurant chain located in Germany. In August 1995 Whitbread paid Canada-based Scott's Hospitality Inc. £180 million ($288.2 million) for 16 Marriott hotels and also signed an agreement with Marriott International, Inc. to develop the brand name in the United Kingdom. That same month, the company acquired David Lloyd Leisure (DLL) for £200.7 million ($321.3 million). DLL, named after tennis champion David Lloyd, operated 20 private sports and fitness clubs as well as 24 nursery schools through its Gatehouse Nursery Services subsidiary. In March 1997 DLL bought Curzon Management Associates and its five London gym sites.

Whitbread's restaurant holdings received further boosts in 1995 and 1996. The Costa Coffee chain of coffee shops was acquired in October 1995. In July of the following year, £133 million ($208.8 million) was spent to purchase Pelican Group and its 110 restaurants spread throughout several chains, most notably Café Rouge, a French bistro/café; Dôme, a bar/café emphasizing beer, drinks, coffee, and café-style food; and Mamma Amalfi, a family-style Italian restaurant. In November 1996 Whitbread bought the BrightReasons group for £46 million ($72.2 million). The key chain acquired therein was Bella Pasta, with 55 outlets, while the Pizza Piazza chain was subsequently sold to Passion For Food for £11.25 million and 102 Pizzaland restaurants were converted to Pizza Huts and other Whitbread restaurant brands. The acquired pizza chains were jettisoned to avoid a conflict with Pizza Hut.

In the summer of 1997 Jarvis stepped down as chief executive and was replaced by David Thomas, who had joined Whitbread in 1984 as a regional director of the Inns division. Thomas took over a company that had seen sales and profits rise throughout the 1990s, thanks in large part to Whitbread's increasing emphasis on nonbeer activities.

Failed Allied Domecq Bid in the Late 1990s

By fiscal 1998-99 the evolution of the company away from its roots was increasingly obvious--less than 12 percent of operating profits were generated by the brewing operations that year. The continuing lackluster beer sales led Whitbread to close one of its breweries and to sell another one, leaving it with three breweries capable of producing more than one million barrels a year. Also during the year, the company sold off 253 of its leased pubs, 40 Beefeater outlets, and the Gatehouse Nursery unit. In August 1998 Whitbread merged its wine and alcohol retail outlets--Thresher, Wine Rack, and others--with those of Allied Domecq PLC, forming a 50-50 joint venture called First Quench Retailing Ltd.

At this point, Whitbread's core operations in brewing and pubs were in mature industries with little prospect for future growth. Thomas saw one opportunity in this area--consolidating the group's collection of pubs with those of another company, thereby gaining the cost savings of economies of scale. When Allied Domecq placed its U.K. retailing operations up for sale, including 3,500 pubs and its stakes in soft drink maker Britvic and in First Quench, Thomas aggressively pursued a deal. In May 1999, after lengthy negotiations that eventually turned hostile, Whitbread and Allied reached an agreement on a £2.36 billion offer, later raised to £2.85 billion under pressure from a rival bid by Punch Taverns. In July 1999, the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) referred Whitbread's bid to the Competition Commission, a development that killed the bid because it had been made conditional on OFT approval. Whitbread declined to make an unconditional offer, ending its bid for control of the Allied properties, which were subsequently purchased by Punch Taverns. Whitbread also shelved a planned spinoff of its beer unit, the Whitbread Beer Company. Had its takeover of the Allied pubs gone through, Whitbread would have had to divest its brewery operations to comply with the 1989 beer orders of the MMC.

New Era in the New Millennium, Minus Beer and Pubs

In the wake of this failed bid, Whitbread embarked on a remarkable two-year period of transformation that launched the company into a new era. The company first completed two smaller but telling acquisitions, indicating the future direction. In September 1999 Whitbread spent £78.3 million for Racquets & Healthtrack Group Ltd., cementing its position as the largest operator of health and fitness clubs in the United Kingdom. The six Racquets & Healthtrack clubs were later rebranded under the David Lloyd Leisure name, increasing the size of that chain to 47 outlets and 170,000 members. Then in January 2000 Whitbread took over Swallow Group plc in a £730 million deal. Swallow operated 36 upscale hotels in the United Kingdom; under Whitbread they would be converted to the Marriott brand, nearly doubling the size of that chain from 5,700 rooms to almost 11,000.

Shortly after completion of the Swallow buy, Whitbread made the historic decision to sell off both its brewing and pubs operations. Whitbread Beer Company was the first to go and was purchased by Interbrew S.A. in May 2000 for £400 million. Then in May 2001 the pubs were offloaded to Morgan Grenfell Private Equity, a unit of Deutsche Bank AG, for £1.63 billion. The sale did not include the so-called food-led pubs, or pub restaurants, namely, Brewers Fayre, Brewsters, and Beefeater. Part of the proceeds from the sale of the pubs--£1.1 billion worth--was returned to shareholders at the equivalent of £2.30 per share; most of the remainder went to reduce debt. In between these two transactions, in October 2000, Whitbread also disposed of its 50 percent interest in First Quench. By mid-2001, then, a new Whitbread had emerged, focused on upscale and budget hotels, restaurants, and health and fitness clubs. While this transformation was taking place, a new chairman came on board in June 2000; succeeding Angus was John Banham, who was already serving as chairman of two other U.K. firms: aggregates producer Tarmac plc and retailer Kingfisher plc.

In the months that followed the sale of the pub estate, Whitbread began repositioning its remaining operations to secure the company's future. In August 2001 Whitbread announced that it would spend more than £500 million over the following five years to double the number of David Lloyd Leisure outlets to 100. At the same time the Curzon health club chain, which served the budget end of the market, was slated for divestment to further the company's focus on the upscale market served by the David Lloyd clubs. Curzon was subsequently sold in 2002. The restaurant portfolio was also in need of an overhaul, as several of the Whitbread chains were not performing satisfactorily. In May 2002 Whitbread sold its Pelican and BrightReasons restaurant groups to Tragus Holdings Limited for £25 million in a management-led buyout. Included in the deal were 153 restaurants under the Café Rouge, Bella Pasta, Mamma Amalfi, Abbaye, Leadenhall Wine Bar, and Oriel names. This left Whitbread with its Pizza Hut, Costa Coffee, and T.G.I. Friday's restaurants, in addition to the Brewers Fayre, Brewsters, and Beefeater pub restaurants.

The restaurant sell-off completed, in large part, Whitbread's disposal program, leading the company to focus on organically growing the remaining core. In addition to the planned expansion of David Lloyd Leisure, there were plans to increase the number of Costa Coffee outlets from 300 to 500 by 2004. Although acquisitions could not be entirely ruled out, the company's rather spotty track record in that area made any major deals less likely, particularly given the more uncertain economic conditions of the early 21st century. Following the bold, transformative transactions that severed Whitbread from its long history, it would not be unexpected for the company to settle in for a healing period marked by more routine activities.

Principal Subsidiaries: Whitbread Group PLC; Whitbread Restaurants Holdings GmbH (Germany); Country Club Hotels Ltd.; David Lloyd Leisure Ltd.; Swallow Group Ltd.; Swallow Hotels Ltd.; Whitbread Hotels Ltd.

Principal Competitors: Hilton Group plc; De Vere Group PLC; Six Continents Hotels, Inc.; City Centre Restaurants plc; Thistle Hotels Plc; PizzaExpress PLC; Cannons Group Ltd.

Further Reading:

• Barrow, Martin, "Brewer to Spend £300m on Retail to Offset Decline," Times (London), November 2, 1995, p. 27.
• Britton, Noelle, "Whitbread Brews Up a Potent Mix," Marketing, December 4, 1986, pp. 26+.
• Buckley, Neil, "A New Brew for Whitbread," Financial Times, August 12, 1995, p. WFT5.
• "A Conundrum That Could Have Whitbread Crying in Its Beer," Times (London), May 13, 1992, p. 21.
• Craig, Malcolm, "What's Next for Whitbread?," Leisure and Hospitality Business, April 5, 2001, p. 10.
• Daneshkhu, Scheherazade, "Whitbread to Sell Pelican Restaurants," Financial Times, October 15, 2001, p. 30.
• Gwyther, Matthew, "Whitbread on the Wagon," Management Today, September 2001, pp. 74-75, 77, 79.
• Holstein, William J., and Richard A. Melcher, "Whitbread Wakes Up with a Headache," Business Week, April 29, 1985, pp. 44+.
• Jones, Adam, "Whitbread Exits Bistros and Pasta Cafes," Financial Times, June 1, 2002, p. 12.
• "Losing a Beer Belly," Economist, August 12, 1995, p. 54.
• McLaughlin, John, "Too Close for Comfort: French Marriage a Failure for Whitbread and Pizza Hut," Restaurant Business, September 1, 1992, p. 30.
• Murray, Alasdair, "Whitbread to Seek Links with Regionals," Times (London), August 12, 1996, p. 40.
• Parker-Pope, Tara, "Whitbread PLC Expands into Leisure As Traditional Beer Market Contracts," Wall Street Journal, August 9, 1995, p. A6.
• Ritchie, Berry, An Uncommon Brewer: The Story of Whitbread, 1742-1992, London: James and James, 1992.
• Saigol, Lina, "Whitbread Returns £1.1bn to Shareholders," Financial Times, March 21, 2001, p. 26.
• Saigol, Lina, and John Thornhill, "Future Whitbread Butterfly Emerges from Its Chrysalis," Financial Times, October 20, 2000, p. 26.
• Simms, Jane, "Doubting Thomas," Director, September 2001, pp. 60-64.
• Walsh, Dominic, "Fewer Doubts About Thomas," Leisure and Hospitality Business, January 10, 2002, p. 8.
• Willman, John, "All Eyes Focus on Whitbread's Plans to Rebuild Its Life," Financial Times, October 22, 1999, p. 28.
• Yates, Andrew, "They're Not Only Here for the Beer," Independent (London), May 19, 1999, p. BR3.

Source: International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 52. St. James Press, 2003.