Domino's, Inc. History

Company Perspectives:

Domino's Pizza Vision: Exceptional people on a mission to be the best pizza delivery company in the world utilizing the company's guiding principles, which are: At the moment of choice 1. We demand integrity. 2. Our people come first. 3. We take great care of our customers. 4. We make great pizzas every day. 5. We operate with smart hustle and positive energy.

Key Dates:

1960:

Tom Monaghan and his brother Jim buy a pizza shop in Ypsilanti, Michigan, called DomiNick's.

1961:

Jim Monaghan trades his half of the business for a Volkswagen Beetle.

1965:

After briefly partnering with Jim Gilmore, Tom Monaghan gains full control of the company, which is incorporated under the new name Domino's Pizza, Inc.

1967:

The first Domino's Pizza franchise store opens in Ypsilanti.

1983:

The first international store opens in Winnipeg, Canada.

1984:

Headquarters are reestablished at Domino's Farms in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

1989:

The company introduces its first new product, pan pizza.

1998:

Monaghan sells a controlling 93 percent stake in the company to Bain Capital, Inc.; the company is renamed Domino's, Inc.

1999:

Monaghan retires as chairman and CEO and is succeeded by David A. Brandon.

2001:

Domino's Pizza International purchases a majority stake in Dutch Pizza Beheer B.V., a franchisee operating 52 Domino's outlets in The Netherlands.

2002:

Domino's acquires 82 franchised stores in the Phoenix, Arizona, area in the largest store purchase in company history.

2003:

The company announces a multiyear partnership with NASCAR, becoming the "Official Pizza of NASCAR"; Domino's has more than 7,300 stores worldwide by the end of the year.

Company History:

Privately held Domino's, Inc. is the number two pizza chain in the world, trailing only the Pizza Hut division of YUM! Brands, Inc. The company operates a network of more than 7,300 company-owned and franchised stores in all 50 U.S. states and more than 50 other countries. Nearly 90 percent of Domino's more than 4,800 U.S. outlets are franchise stores. Including the employees of franchisees, there are about 145,000 Domino's workers around the world, and global systemwide sales in 2002 totaled $3.96 billion. Domino's was built on simple concepts, offering just delivery or carry-out and an extremely limited menu: for more than 30 years, the company offered only two sizes of pizza, 11 topping choices, and--until 1990--only one beverage, cola. In recent years the company has added salads, breadsticks, and other non-pizza items to its menu in an effort to stave off rivals Pizza Hut, Papa John's International, Inc., and Little Caesar Enterprises, Inc., but has otherwise held fast to its focus on the basics of providing quality pizza and service. The driving force behind Domino's for most of its history was founder Tom Monaghan, who late in 1998 sold control of the company to Bain Capital, Inc., a Boston-based private equity investment firm. Monaghan, however, retained a 27 percent voting stake.

Originating in the 1960s

Monaghan was born in 1937 near Ann Arbor, Michigan. Following his father's death in 1941, Monaghan lived in a succession of foster homes, including a Catholic orphanage, for much of his childhood. His mother, after finishing nursing school and buying a house, made two attempts to have Tom and his brother live at home with her, but she and Tom failed to get along. During these years Monaghan worked a lot of jobs, many of them on farms. His father's aunt took him in during his senior year of high school, but after that he was once again on his own. A quote from Monaghan in his high school yearbook read: "The harder I try to be good the worse I get; but I may do something sensational yet."

For several years Monaghan worked to try to save money for college; he joined the Marines and saved $2,000, but gave it in several installments to a fly-by-night "oil man" he met hitchhiking, who took the money and ran. Monaghan returned to Ann Arbor to live with his brother Jim, who worked for the Post Office and did occasional carpentry work at a pizza shop called DomiNick's. When Jim Monaghan overheard the pizza shop owner discussing a possible sale, he mentioned buying it as a possibility to Tom. With the aid of a $900 loan from the Post Office credit union, in December 1960 Jim and Tom Monaghan were in business in Ypsilanti, Michigan.

Within eight months, Jim Monaghan took a beat-up Volkswagen Beetle as a trade for his half of the partnership. Tom moved in across the street from his shop. The store Monaghan bought had little room for sit-down dining; from the start, delivery was key. The first drivers, laid-off factory workers, agreed to work on commission. After only $99 in sales the first week, profits climbed steadily to $750 a week. Early on, Monaghan made decisions that streamlined work and greatly enhanced profits: on two separate occasions he dropped six-inch pizzas and submarine sandwiches from his menu when he was shorthanded at his shop, reasoning that he and his staff could handle the rush better without making special-sized pizzas or sandwiches in addition to regular pizzas. When he went over the numbers the day after, both times Monaghan found that his volume and profits had increased. Keeping the menu simple made financial sense.

Although his salary rose to $20,000 a year, Monaghan was not satisfied. On the advice of Jim Gilmore, a local chef with some restaurant experience, Monaghan opened a Pizza King store offering free delivery in Mt. Pleasant, near the Central Michigan University campus. Gilmore ran the original DomiNick's as a full partner with Monaghan. By early 1962, although the Ypsilanti store was not doing well, Gilmore persuaded Monaghan to open a Pizza King at a new Ann Arbor location, which Gilmore would oversee while Monaghan whipped the original DomiNick's back into shape. Gilmore convinced Monaghan to continue expanding in a financially dangerous way: because Gilmore had been bankrupt when the partnership began, all papers were in Monaghan's name. By 1964, when Gilmore became ill, he made his differences clear: he liked sit-down stores while Monaghan ran delivery. He asked for $35,000 for his share in the pizzerias. Although Monaghan considered the price preposterous, he did want to separate from Gilmore. He hired lawyer Larry Sperling, who worked out a deal whereby Monaghan would pay Gilmore $20,000. Gilmore would keep two restaurants in Ann Arbor; Monaghan, two pizzerias in Ypsilanti and one in Ann Arbor. Although their partnership was dissolved, Monaghan was still dependent on Gilmore's success in business. In February 1966 Monaghan bought one more shop from Gilmore, but later that year Gilmore filed for bankruptcy, with a total debt of $75,000, in Monaghan's name. Monaghan managed to sell Gilmore's restaurant, leaving him immediately responsible for only $20,000, with the new owner of Gilmore's to pay off related debts on a month-by-month basis.

As Monaghan's operations grew, the original owner of DomiNick's decided to maintain rights to the name. Under deadline for a Yellow Pages ad, driver Jim Kennedy came up with the name Domino's Pizza. The new company incorporated in 1965. Free from the Gilmore-related debts, Monaghan was ready to begin franchising. The first board of directors included Tom, his wife and bookkeeper, Margie, and Larry Sperling. Sperling drafted a franchise agreement in which Domino's would keep 2.5 percent as royalties from sales, 2 percent to cover advertising, and 1 percent for bookkeeping. As Monaghan stated in his autobiography Pizza Tiger: "By today's standards, the royalties were far too favorable to the franchisee. But it served our purpose then, and I was not concerned about covering all future contingencies."

The first franchisee, Chuck Gray, was a man visible in local and state politics; he took over an original store on the east side of Ypsilanti. While Sperling and Monaghan hammered out financial matters--the former wanted to control costs, the latter to build sales--Domino's Pizza slowly gathered a base of corporate staff. The second franchisee, Dean Jenkins, was handpicked by Monaghan to take over the first store to be built from the ground up. By July 1967, when Jenkins's store was up and running, Domino's Pizza moved to East Lansing, home of Michigan State University. Its dormitory population, at approximately 20,000, was the largest in the nation. Dave Kilby, originally hired to do some radio copywriting for Domino's, later bought into a franchise, then began working at company headquarters, located above the Cross Street shop in Ypsilanti. Kilby then worked on franchisee expansion with Monaghan.

In February 1968 a fire swept through Monaghan's original pizza store. Advertising manager Bob Cotman escaped the building just in time, climbing down a fireman's ladder. Although the pizza shop reopened within two days, headquarters was wiped out and Domino's first commissary, with $40,000 of stored goods, was destroyed. The staff pulled together, with each existing store location responsible for producing one pizza item--cheese, dough, chopped toppings--which drivers then ferried from one store to the next to keep operations running.

The biggest challenge for Monaghan was not simply covering the total fire losses of $150,000 (only $13,000 paid for by insurance), but also paying the leases on five new franchises and finding store operators as soon as possible. While Tom worked on his task, Margie Monaghan brought in Mike Paul, her contact at the Ypsilanti bank, who soon joined Domino's to run the commissary. Paul fired half of the staff and cleaned up operations; he introduced caps, aprons, and periodic spot checks for employee neatness.

Monaghan learned a lot in the early years of Domino's, due in part to road trips he took to research business and learn from competitors. When observing the competition did not result in better methods, Monaghan innovated. Looking for equipment ideas at a Chicago convention, he found a meat-grinder that he used to chop cheese as well as mix consistent pizza dough in less than a minute, in contrast to standard mixers, which took eight to ten minutes to mix dough. Dough, once mixed, was stored on oiled pans; although covered by towels, the outside edges of the dough hardened. Monaghan discovered an airtight fiberglass container that stored dough very well, and his practice later became a standard in the industry. Monaghan also was dissatisfied with standard pizza boxes: they were too flimsy to stack, and heat and steam from the pizza weakened them. Monaghan prodded his salesman to work with the supplier and devise a corrugated box with airholes, which also became an industry standard.

Franchising in the 1970s

Plans began in earnest for Midwest expansion as Domino's jumped on the 1960s franchise bandwagon. Although Monaghan had worked on his plan to expand on college campuses, opening a new store a week in late 1968 proved to be the beginning of a nightmare. Monaghan opened 32 stores in 1969 and was hailed as Ypsilanti's boy wonder. Spurred by McDonald's great success going public in 1965, Monaghan planned to do the same. With the aid of loans, he bought a fleet of 85 new delivery cars, and spruced up his personal image; he also hired an accounting firm to computerize the company's bookkeeping. When moving information from paper to computer, Domino's lost all its records. Perhaps as a result, the company underpaid the Internal Revenue Service by $36,000. Monaghan was forced to sell his stock for the first time to raise the money to pay the IRS.

Monaghan tried to do too much, too fast. Ohio stores opened before Domino's reputation had spread that far and sales were poor. This was only the beginning of the downturn: on May 1, 1970, Monaghan lost control of Domino's. Dan Quirk, who had bought Monaghan's stock, recommended that he contact Ken Heavlin, a local man known for turning businesses around. Heavlin, in exchange for Monaghan's remaining stock, would run the company, get loans to cover IRS debts, and after two years keep a controlling 51 percent interest in the company, with Monaghan getting 49 percent. In the meantime, Domino's became the target of lawsuits from various franchisees, creditors, and the law firm Cross, Wrock.

In March 1971 Heavlin ended his agreement with Monaghan, who shortly went to speak with each franchisee, persuading them that Domino's would survive the crisis and they would all fare better working with him rather than against him. Their lawsuit was dropped. Monaghan pushed on, and Domino's was back in business, however tight its financial strings. One man instrumental in the growth of the early 1970s was Richard Mueller. Originally from Ohio, Mueller bought a franchise in Ann Arbor in 1970, during Domino's lowest period. After Mueller ran this store for a year, Monaghan sent him to Columbus to revive an ailing store; within three months, sales shot up from $600 to $7,000 a week. Mueller soon operated ten Domino's franchises and incorporated as Ohio Pizza Enterprises, Inc. Within six-and-a-half years Mueller opened 50 stores. As Domino's grew, Mueller went on to become vice-president of operations in 1978.

Quick to rebuild Domino's, Monaghan encouraged trusted employees and friends to expand. Steve Litwhiler opened five stores in Vermont, while Dave Kilby, who had relocated during the Domino's slump, managed to build a strong base in Florida. A significant hire by Kilby was Dave Black, a top-selling manager who later rose to become president and COO of Domino's Pizza.

The year 1973 was a turning point for Domino's. The company introduced its first delivery guarantee, "a half hour or a half dollar off," as stated in the company newsletter the Pepperoni Press. The College of Pizzarology was founded to train potential franchisees. The company decentralized as well: accounting was moved from Ypsilanti headquarters to local accountants, while the commissary was reorganized as a separate company.

Domino's introduced its corporate logo, a red domino flush against two blue rectangles, in 1975. The company was sued the same year by Amstar Corporation, parent company of Domino Sugar, for the right to use the name. After a five-year battle, Domino's won, but not until after more than 30 new stores were opened under the interim name Pizza Dispatch.

Free to expand, Domino's planned to grow by 50 percent each year. By the late 1970s, several acquisitions contributed significantly to company growth. Domino's merged with PizzaCo Inc., in 1978, gaining 23 open stores plus a handful more under lease. The merger with this Boulder-based company allowed Domino's to move into Kansas, Arizona, and Nebraska. The following year, joining with Dick Mueller's Ohio Pizza Enterprises, Inc., Domino's added 50 stores in Ohio and Texas, for a total of 287 stores. The company ended 1979 by announcing plans to expand internationally. The new non-U.S. store subsequently opened in Winnipeg, Canada, in 1983.

Rapid Growth in the 1980s

The 1980s was a decade of phenomenal growth for Domino's Pizza, but this time the company was prepared. Although Monaghan had always feared that formal budgeting systems promoted bureaucracy, with the advice of Doug Dawson, Monaghan decided to design companywide budgeting procedures, which Domino's continued to use as training tools for potential franchisees. Dawson implemented the new accounting methods and moved on to become vice-president of marketing and corporate treasurer. Instrumental in Domino's surge was John McDevitt, a financial consultant Monaghan met in 1977. Among other accomplishments, he created and became president of TSM Leasing, Inc., a financial services company that loaned money to franchisees who could not find other start-up financing.

To Monaghan, operations was the backbone of the business. When Dick Mueller left the post of vice-president of operations in 1981 to work as a franchiser once again, Monaghan decided to regionalize Domino's operations. Mueller's previous job entailed far too much travel, and changes were necessary. Monaghan set up six geographic regions, with a director fully responsible for each territory. The regional system, as Monaghan stated in Pizza Tiger, "gave us the long communication lines with tight controls at the working ends that we needed for rapid but well-orchestrated growth."

At the executive level, Bob Cotman took over as senior vice-president of operations, including marketing. Dave Black advanced from field consultant and regional director to vice-president of operations. Both men (like Dick Mueller and Monaghan himself) had climbed every step of the Domino's ladder, after beginning as delivery driver and pizza maker. In 1981 Black carried Monaghan's favored "defensive management" strategy--whereby each store concentrated on keeping the customers it had--to a new level, by moving the company's focus away from its top-performing stores to its weakest ones. Bringing the lower performers up worked extremely well. As the company added an average of nearly 500 stores each year through the decade, newer, weaker stores were constantly given attention to improve sales.

One other element vital to Domino's 1980s growth spurt was choosing Don Vlcek, formerly in the meat business, to head the eight commissary operations. Vlcek focused on uncovering best practices and disseminating them throughout the organization. When he discovered that one commissary saved on laundry bills by rinsing out the towels used to dry trays, making them last a week before cleaning was necessary, Vlcek made all other commissaries do the same. When he found that another commissary's manager was buying from a local cheese distributor instead of a less expensive national one, the manager reworked his purchasing policies. Vlcek moved sauce-mixing from the commissaries to the company's tomato-packing plant, which resulted in highly consistent, quality pizza sauce. Once Vlcek had taken care of the basics, in one eight-month period he opened a new commissary a month, all with state-of-the-art equipment.

All the support Monaghan received gave him time to fulfill boyhood dreams on a dramatic scale. In 1983 he bought the Detroit Tigers baseball team, which went on to win the World Series in 1984. He followed with the establishment in 1984 of Domino's Farms in Ann Arbor, a $120 million corporate headquarters modeled after architect Frank Lloyd Wright's Golden Beacon tower. Wright advocated the integration of a high-rise building in a rural setting, rather than an urban one. Monaghan also set up a working farm adjacent to the tower.

In 1985, Advertising Age placed Domino's "among the fastest-growing money makers in the restaurant industry." The company had to keep pace not only with its own growth but also with that of its competition, including the industry leader, Pizza Hut, which had more than 4,000 units to Domino's 2,300. Domino's stepped up advertising, increasing media spending 249 percent over the previous year. Pizza Hut entered the delivery business in 1986, posing a huge threat to Monaghan's empire.

Domino's systemwide sales reached $1.44 billion by 1987. The company had grown to 3,605 units, spreading to Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, West Germany, and Japan. While 33 percent of U.S. stores were company-run, international units were franchised, usually to one operator who could opt to subfranchise. The international marketing challenge was to convince buyers of the need for delivery. Back in the United States, Domino's imitated McDonald's Corporation by tailoring an ad campaign to attract the Hispanic market. Competition in the late 1980s got so tough that Monaghan was quoted in Advertising Age as saying, "I want people here in the company to think of it as a war." Unfortunately, with wars come casualties.

By 1989 more than 20 deaths had occurred involving Domino's drivers, calling the company's 30-minute delivery guarantee into question. A Pittsburgh-based attorney representing a couple whose car was broadsided by a driver subpoenaed Domino's for its records. Citizen's groups, major news networks, and the National Safe Work Place Institute joined in the heated criticism. Domino's responded with a national ad campaign and with various tactics at the franchise level. One franchisee hired an off-duty police officer to track his drivers to ensure that they obeyed the law.

Domino's opened its 5,000th store by January 1989, moving into Puerto Rico, Mexico, Guam, Honduras, Panama, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Spain. U.S. sales hit $2 billion. Monaghan named Dave Black as president and chief operating officer, announcing his own intentions to spend more time on community work. In May Domino's introduced pan pizza, its first new product in 28 years. This news was hardly as big, however, as Monaghan's October announcement of his intent to sell the company. After a buyout attempt in the form of an employee stock ownership plan failed, Monaghan went shopping for buyers. By April 1990 Domino's cut its public relations and international marketing departments and continued cutting executive and corporate support staff as part of a companywide effort to improve profitability. Payroll that year decreased by $24 million. Kevin Williams, who made his name as a regional director, replaced Mike Orcutt as vice-president of operations. At the store level, Domino's opened fewer than 300 units in both 1989 and 1990.

Another Comeback in the 1990s

With Domino's sales slipping, and rivals Pizza Hut and Little Caesar's gaining market share, Monaghan returned to Domino's in March 1991 to pull his company back on track. By December he had fired David Black, along with other top executives. Former franchisee Phil Bressler became vice-president of operations. Domino's closed 155 stores, cut regional offices from 16 to nine, and unloaded extravagances such as corporate planes, a three-masted ship, a travel agency, a lavish Ann Arbor Christmas display, and various sports sponsorships. Monaghan made some personal sacrifices, too, leaving his post on the boards of directors of 16 Catholic colleges and organizations. Domino's 1991 systemwide revenues remained flat at $2.6 billion, and the company posted a loss of $67 million.

Adding three new senior executives, the company geared up to battle Pizza Hut, which had aired an ad showing unkempt Domino's drivers buying Pizza Hut products. Domino's moved its advertising accounts to New York's Grey Advertising, Inc., from the local ad agency Group 243. While Monaghan was away, Pepsico's Pizza Hut had converted half of its 7,000 units for home delivery.

Under fire, Monaghan insisted on maintaining Domino's original concept of a simple menu that speeds order preparation, allowing the company to uphold its 30-minute guarantee. In an effort to be flexible--and to compete with Pizza Hut's pan pizza--Domino's offered a new pizza with more cheese and an increased number of toppings. Taking another tip from its rival, Domino's worked on developing a single U.S. phone order number for Domino's customers and a new computer system to track sales, costs, and trends. The company closed the Columbus and Minneapolis offices, with corporate headquarters in Ann Arbor assuming their duties. The overall goal was to decrease debt. Monaghan considered making a public stock offering again in 1992, but too few buyers were forthcoming. The company also worked to lessen the number of company-owned stores.

In November 1992 Monaghan shook up his upper ranks by replacing his longtime adviser and vice-president of finance, John McDevitt, with Tim Carr, another financial executive at Domino's, and hiring Larry Sheehan, a former executive vice-president of Little Caesar's, as vice-president of marketing and product development. Sheehan immediately put his stamp on the turnaround effort, convincing Monaghan to experiment with new strategies and products, including salads, thin-crust pizza, and submarine sandwiches. "Tom Monaghan is now very open about the pizza business," he said. "He believes we need to take a different approach to this business and be willing to change."

The changes seemed to work. Earnings for 1993 picked up, after dropping significantly the two previous years. In yet another change, Domino's dropped its famous 30-minutes-or-less pledge after a jury awarded a $78 million settlement to a woman who had been hit by a Domino's delivery driver in 1989. Monaghan stated that "with our success in home delivery has come a negative public perception that we are not committed to safety." The 30-minute guarantee was replaced with a more general customer satisfaction guarantee.

In January 1994 Larry Sheehan left Domino's, after a dispute with Monaghan over the size of his year-end bonus. Although his departure was widely considered a loss to the company, his changes had taken hold, and Domino's systemwide sales crept upward, to $2.5 billion in 1995. Shortly thereafter Domino's celebrated the opening of its 1,000th international store, in a suburb of Perth, Australia. With a stated goal of having more international than domestic stores, Domino's opened stores in Ecuador, Peru, and Egypt in 1995, and planned to have 3,000 international stores by the year 2,000. By 1996 foreign sales stood at $503 million, and in 1997 Domino's entered its 50th international market. In the meantime, the menu in the U.S. stores expanded yet again, with the introduction of buffalo wings in 1994 and through a limited-time-only promotion of flavored-crust pizzas during 1996.

Sheehan was succeeded as vice-president of marketing and product development by Cheryl Bachelder, a seasoned executive with experience at Planters, Gillette, and Procter & Gamble who brought focus to Domino's efforts. "We're not trying to be fun and wacky and do delivery and carry-out all at the same time," she said. "We're trying to excel single-mindedly on the basics of this business." In March 1997 Domino's announced its previous year results, which dispelled any doubts that the company was back on track. Earnings were a record $50.6 million on systemwide sales of $2.8 billion. "We believe the return to focusing on our core business--pizza delivery--coupled with great new products and strong international growth accounted for our tremendous results in 1996," said CFO Harry Silverman.

Early in 1998 Domino's stores began using a new pizza delivery bag called HeatWave that had been developed by the company. The HeatWave bags, which featured a heating mechanism that was warmed up using electricity prior to use, helped Domino's drivers deliver hotter and crisper pizzas to their customers. The company that year also opened its 6,000th store. But the biggest news came late in the year when Monaghan finally succeeded in selling the company. Seeking to devote his full energies to several Catholic charities, Monaghan sold a controlling 93 percent stake in Domino's to Bain Capital, Inc., a Boston-based private equity investment firm, for about $1 billion and the assumption of about $50 million in Domino's debt. Despite larger offers from other parties, Monaghan took the offer from Bain because the investment firm accepted the existing strategy for growth and did not plan any immediate major changes. As part of the recapitalization, the company's name was shortened to Domino's, Inc., and Monaghan retained a 27 percent voting stake.

Late 1990s and Beyond: The Post-Monaghan Era

After a nationwide search, David A. Brandon was hired as chairman and CEO in March 1999, succeeding Monaghan, who stayed on the company board as chairman emeritus. Brandon was a marketing veteran who had most recently headed up Valassis Communications, Inc., a Livonia, Michigan, firm specializing in the printing and distribution of coupons and newspaper advertising inserts.

Brandon quickly went to work placing his imprint on the company. Within a year of taking over, he completed a store rationalization program in which 146 unprofitable stores were either closed or sold to franchisees, relocated some stores to more visible locations, and cut 100 administration positions at corporate headquarters while simultaneously beefing up such areas as product development and brand management. He also stepped up the expansion pace by opening 340 new stores during 1999 and another 418 in 2000.

On the overseas front, Brandon selected J. Patrick Doyle, formerly senior vice-president of U.S. marketing, to head Domino's Pizza International. Doyle oversaw the opening of the 2,000th Domino's located outside the United States in 2000, and then the following year his division purchased a majority stake in Dutch Pizza Beheer B.V., a Netherlands franchisee that operated 52 Domino's outlets in that country. The acquired firm was subsequently turned into a regional office for managing European franchise expansion and supporting the existing operations in Europe.

Back in the United States, there were several developments in 2001. Two new products were added to the menu: cheesy bread and Cinna Stix, the latter cinnamon breadsticks being the first dessert item to be offered by the chain. The 7,000th Domino's opened its doors. In addition, a new advertising campaign was launched featuring the tag line, "Get the Door. It's Domino's." The corporation ended 2001 with net income of $36.8 million on revenue of $1.26 billion, while systemwide sales totaled $3.78 billion, an increase of 6.8 percent over the preceding year.

During 2001 and 2002 Brandon continued to focus on the bottom line, taking a fairly ruthless approach to shutting down or selling poorly performing stores. As a result unit growth was turned down a notch, and the number of outlets increased only from 6,977 in 2000 to 7,230 in 2002. Consequently, while revenues were fairly flat in 2002, profits nearly doubled, hitting $60.7 million. Also in 2002 the firm acquired 82 franchised stores in the Phoenix, Arizona, area in the largest store purchase in company history, and another new product was launched, Buffalo Chicken Kickers--strips of chicken breast breaded with a buffalo wings-style seasoning.

The new products kept coming in 2003 with the launch of another dessert item, Domino's Dots, balls of dough baked in cinnamon and sugar and served with a vanilla icing glaze. Also introduced that year was the Philly Cheese Steak Pizza. On the advertising and promotion front, the company in February 2003 announced a multiyear partnership with the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) through which Domino's became the "Official Pizza of NASCAR." Domino's also began rolling out a new point-of-sale computer system called Pulse that was aimed at cutting errors in making and delivering pizzas, improving customer service efficiency, and enhancing overall communications.

At the time that Monaghan had sold Domino's to Bain, the company had been losing market share in the U.S. delivered pizza sector for several years, and it eventually saw its number one position in that sector taken over by upstart Papa John's. Brandon reversed this trend by focusing on improving the U.S. store portfolio: by 2003, 90 percent of the domestic outlets had either been relocated or remodeled. Improvements on the international side came from the chain's departure from several loss-making markets and a concentration on a handful of the best performing markets: Canada, Mexico, Brazil, the United Kingdom, France, Australia, and Japan. There were more than 7,300 Domino's stores worldwide by the end of 2003, and the company was aiming to eventually have 10,000, with room for at least another 1,000 stores in the United States. Domino's financial position also was improving, as the increased earnings enabled the heavy debt load incurred to fund the 1998 buyout to be gradually reduced; the debt was trimmed even further in mid-2003 through a refinancing. Speculation also was growing about a possible exit strategy for Bain--either a sale of the company to another player in the industry or an initial public offering of stock.

Principal Subsidiaries: Domino's Pizza LLC; Domino's Franchise Holding Co.; Domino's Pizza PMC, Inc.; Domino's Pizza California LLC; Domino's Pizza International, Inc.; Domino's Pizza International Payroll Services, Inc.; Domino's Pizza NS Co. (Canada); Domino's Pizza of Canada; Domino's Pizza of France S.A.S.; Dutch Pizza Beheer B.V. (Netherlands).

Principal Competitors: Pizza Hut Inc.; Papa John's International, Inc.; Little Caesar Enterprises, Inc.

Further Reading:

• Benezra, Cheryl, "Domino's Bachelder Backs Up to Basics," Brandweek, September 2, 1996.
• Buckley, Neil, "Domino's Returns to Fast Food's Fast Lane," Financial Times, November 26, 2003, p. 14.
• Carlino, Bill, "Domino's Launches Safety Ads," Nation's Restaurant News, August 14, 1989.
• Chaudhry, Rajan, "Domino's Truck Kills 2 En Route to Delivery," Nation's Restaurant News, August 29, 1988.
• Child, Charles, "New Mood and VP Help Revive Domino's," Crain's Detroit Business, November 30, 1992.
• "Domino's Delivered $2.8 Billion in Worldwide Sales Last Year," Detroit News, March 26, 1997.
• "Domino's Pizza: Kevin A. Williams," Fortune, April 22, 1991.
• Domino's Thirtieth Anniversary, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Domino's Pizza, Inc., 1990.
• Driscoll, Lisa, and David Woodruff, "With Tom Monaghan Back, Can Domino's Deliver?," Business Week, October 28, 1991.
• Garber, Amy, "Operators Across Globe Hungry for Slice of Domino's Pie," Nation's Restaurant News, January 19, 2004, pp. 4, 47.
• Gibson, Richard, "Bain Capital Pays Estimated $1 Billion for 90%-Plus Stake in Domino's Pizza," Wall Street Journal, September 28, 1998, p. B5.
• Hume, Scott, and Raymond Serafin, "Domino's Burned Up Over Pizza Hut Spot," Advertising Age, January 7, 1991.
• Janofsky, Michael, "Domino's Ends Fast-Pizza Pledge After Big Award to Crash Victim," New York Times, December 22, 1993.
• Kosdrosky, Terry, "Domino's Pizza Is Sold: Founder Monaghan to Retire," Crain's Detroit Business, September 28, 1998, p. 1.
• Kramer, Louise, "Thomas S. Monaghan (Founder of Domino's Pizza Inc.)," Nation's Restaurant News, February 1996.
• Lublin, Joann S., "Domino's Reaches Beyond Its Industry to Name Brandon As Chief Executive," Wall Street Journal, March 12, 1999, p. B5.
• McLaughlin, John, "Is There Life After Thirty?," Restaurant Business, March 1, 1994.
• Monaghan, Tom, "Domino's Pizza," Fortune Small Business, September 2003, p. 58.
• Monaghan, Tom, with Robert Anderson, Pizza Tiger, New York: Random House, 1986.
• Prewitt, Milford, "Domino's Cuts 19 Jobs; More May Follow," Nation's Restaurant News, April 30, 1990.
• ------, "Domino's Franchisees Set Sights on #1," Nation's Restaurant News, August 21, 1989.
• ------, "Domino's Restructures Executive Team," Nation's Restaurant News, March 18, 1991.
• Schoenberger, Chana R., "Pie in the Sky," Forbes, September 17, 2001, p. 70.
• Sellers, Patricia, "Getting Customers to Love You," Fortune, March 13, 1989.
• Serafin, Raymond, "Domino's Pizza Delivers on the Basics," Advertising Age, July 8, 1985.
• ------, "Domino's Pizza Finds Global Going Slow," Advertising Age, January 6, 1986.
• ------, "Domino's Plans Hispanic Push," Advertising Age, June 15, 1987.
• ------, "Making Domino's Deliver," Advertising Age, November 28, 1988.
• Stopa, Marsha, "Domino's Stays Focused: Delivery Niche Works for No. 2 Pizza Maker," Crain's Detroit Business, September 15, 1997, p. 24.
• Sympson, Ron, "Can Monaghan Deliver?," Restaurant Business, April 10, 1992, pp. 78+.
• Zellner, Wendy, "Tom Monaghan: The Fun-Loving Prince of Pizza," Business Week, February 8, 1988, pp. 90+.
• Zuber, Amy, "Domino's Brandon Keeps Chain on Growth Track with New Product Line," Nation's Restaurant News, June 5, 2000, p. 8.
• ------, "Domino's CEO Search Over, Taps Brandon to Lead Chain," Nation's Restaurant News, March 22, 1999, pp. 1, 93.
• ------, "Domino's New CEO Tackles Growth Goals for Post-Monaghan Era," Nation's Restaurant News, August 16, 1999, pp. 1, 125.
• ------, "1999 Pioneer of the Year: Tom Monaghan," Nation's Restaurant News, September 13, 1999, pp. 139-40, 144.

Source: International Directory of Company Histories, Vol.63. St. James Press, 2004.

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